Many supplements claim to lower blood pressure. However, there are several supplements that raise blood pressure. Below is an overview of how each such supplement may raise blood pressure.
Arnica (Arnica montana)
Arnica is primarily known for its topical use in treating bruises and muscle soreness. However, when ingested, compounds in arnica can stimulate the autonomic nervous system, potentially leading to vasoconstriction—the narrowing of blood vessels—which may result in elevated blood pressure levels.
Ephedra (Ma-Huang)
Ephedra contains ephedrine alkaloids that mimic the action of adrenaline. These compounds activate adrenergic receptors, leading to increased heart rate (positive chronotropic effect) and enhanced force of heart contractions (positive inotropic effect). Additionally, ephedrine promotes vasoconstriction, collectively contributing to a rise in arterial blood pressure.
Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius, Panax ginseng)
Ginseng contains ginsenosides, which are believed to influence blood pressure through multiple pathways. Some ginsenosides may cause vasodilation by promoting the release of nitric oxide, while others might induce vasoconstriction by modulating calcium channels in vascular smooth muscle. The net effect on blood pressure can vary depending on the individual’s physiological state and the specific type and dosage of ginseng consumed.
Guarana (Paullinia cupana)
Guarana is rich in caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant. Caffeine inhibits phosphodiesterase, leading to increased cyclic AMP levels, which enhance cardiac output and stimulate the release of catecholamines like norepinephrine. This process can result in vasoconstriction and increased heart rate, thereby elevating blood pressure.
Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra)
Licorice root contains glycyrrhizin, which inhibits the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. This inhibition leads to an increase in cortisol activity, which can bind to mineralocorticoid receptors, causing sodium retention and potassium excretion. The resultant fluid retention and electrolyte imbalance can lead to hypertension.
Bitter Orange (Citrus aurantium)
Bitter orange contains synephrine, a sympathomimetic agent similar to ephedrine. Synephrine activates α-adrenergic and β-adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and increased heart rate, which can elevate blood pressure.
Yohimbine
Yohimbine is an alkaloid that acts as an α-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist. By blocking these receptors, yohimbine increases sympathetic nervous system activity, leading to the release of norepinephrine. Therefore this action results in vasoconstriction and increased heart rate, contributing to elevated blood pressure.
Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba)
Ginkgo biloba contains flavonoids and terpenoids that can influence vascular tone. While ginkgo is often associated with vasodilatory effects, it can interact with certain medications, potentially leading to alterations in blood pressure control. Hence, the exact mechanism is not fully understood but may involve modulation of vascular nitric oxide pathways and platelet-activating factors.
Sources
Mayo Clinic. Medications and supplements that can raise your blood pressure
WebMD. 15 surprising things that can raise your blood pressure
